The types of illocutionary acts found in lean on me movie

This study aimed at identifying the types illocutionary acts found in a movie entitled Lean On Me. The problems of this study is What types of illocutionary acts are found in the movie entitled  Lean On Me?. This study employed descriptive and qualitative method to provide a well-organized description regarding the problems being identified. The data of this study were obtained by observation method through five steps, namely watching the Lean On Me movie. Then, finding out the movie script of Lean On Me. Furthermore, the writer read the movie script and took note of the illocutionary acts spoken by the characters in the movie Lean On Me. Eventually, the writer classified the data collected. There were five types of illocutionary act encountered they are, assertive, directive, commissive, expressive, and declarative. The result of the research indicates that there are 9 data of illocutionary act found in Lean On Me movie covering 2 assertive, 3 directive, 2 commissive, 1 expressive, and 1 declarative.


INTRODUCTION
Language is an important role for human to make an interaction each other. The use of the language is to communicate. Without language, a person is unable to convey their idea, opinion, mind, concept and feeling. Language can be used not only to describe the reality, but also to change the existing reality. In simple words it can be asserted "to speak is to action". Therefore, the communication is not only about language but also with action.
One of interesting study about language that we usually find in the daily life is speech act. Speech act is a part of pragmatics. It is a kind of a verbal communication. Speech act is firstly introduced by Austin (1962) which is currently used in the linguistic world. The speaker performs a certain kind of act, such as giving advice, asking a question, making promise, making an offer and many more. Austin distinguishes speech act analysis into three parts: Locutionary, Illocutionary and Perlocutionary. Illocutionary acts are the acts of saying something, according to Searle (1979.12), illocutionary act is used to accomplish some communicative purpose, such as asking, ordering, requesting, etc. By recognizing the speech act, it greatly helps us know and understand what the true meaning of people utterance. Searle said that are five categories of utterance found in illocutionary act. They are assertive, directive, commissive, expressive, and declaration.
Assertive illocutionary acts is an illocutionary act that states or expresses what the speaker believes to the case or not. It shows false and true condition of the meaning speaker's utterance (Searle, 1979:12). Next, directive illocutionary acts is speech act that speakers uses to get someone else to do something. It is the condition when the speaker request the hearer to carry out some actions. In addition, commissive type of illocutionary acts is that speaker uses to commit themselves to do some future action. This type of illocutionary act include offer, promise, swear, threat and volunteer (Searle, 1979). Furthermore, Expressive is an illocutionary act the states what speaker feels, it expresses the psychological states (Searle, 1979: 14). Eventually, The most important study from three kinds of speech act is illocutionary act, it becomes the basic analysis in pragmatics comprehension. In other words, illocutionary act is the purpose or contextual meaning of utterance. It decides the listener is understanding or act (perlocution) as effect of the utterance. As for the example of illocutionary act that frequently occurs at school is whereby a student utters to their teacher "the bell has been rung". The intended meaning of the student saying the previous utterance is to inform the teacher to end the class since then the bell has been triggered. It is classified as illocutionary act because the meaning of the utterance has a new purpose beyond its literal meaning. The urgency of illocutionary act above is to convey a certain message more politely.
This research has a thing in common with another research conducted by Dennis (2017) entitled Representative Illocutionary Acts Performed by Governor's Candidates in Governor Debates DKI Jakarta 2017. Both studies focused on similar problems of the study namely to discover the types of illocutionary act. Their research adopted qualitative method. Nevertheless, there can also be found a difference between both studies in which this study analyzed illocutionary act from a movie entitled Lean On Me. Meanwhile, their research analyzed illocutionary act from an utterance in Governor Debates DKI Jakarta 2017.
Another previous study belongs to Farid (2018) entitled "Illocutionary Acts Expressed on Gary Webb in Kill The Messenger movie". There can be found a difference between their study and this study in which differences can be seen from the problems of the study as well as the theory being used. And yet, there can also be found a thing in common between both studies which is they are alike to utilize the same research method namely descriptive qualitative. Their problems of the study are to analyze the types of illocutionary acts used by Gary Webb in "Kill The Messenger" movie. The result of their research demonstrates that there are 147 data of illocutionary act spoken by Gary Webb in a movie entitled Kill the Messenger.
The last work is an article retrieved from a journal by Petriandy and Marlina (2018) by the title of "Illocutionary Acts Found in a Novel The Never Girls: Before the Bell by Kiki Thorpe".Their article aimed at analyzing the types of illocutionary act found in the novel The Never Girls Bell: Before the Bell by Kiki Thorpe. In analyzing the illocutionary act, descriptive qualitative method was applied. The similarity between this study with another study is on the aims of the study whereby both research mutually revealed the types of illocutionary act. Meanwhile, there is a difference occurred between both research namely the theory being used. Petriandy and Marlina article utilized the theory proposed by Searle (1979) And yet, this study depended on Searle and also Thomas (1995). The result of their study found that representative illocutionary act occurred more dominantly in the novel The Never Girls Bell: Before the Bell by Kiki Thorpe.

METHODS
The data of this study was completely retrieved from Lean On Me movie directed by John G. Avildsen 1989. This movie is spoken in English by the length of 1:49:23 and the movie script written by Michael Schiffer in 8/5/2018. This movie is raised based upon the true event that tells a story about the chaos taking place at school in New Jersey named East Side High School in which the school is about to be taken over by the government in case of not being able to achieve the 75 % graduation of the school. As for the writer's reasons in selecting this movie to be analyzed are because it is raised from a true story taking place in United Stated that is New Jersey. After all, this movie also provides a great number of illocutionary acts so that it is worth analyzing data source. And finally, this movie is awarded received multiple nominations as stated in advance.
This research employed observation method, which is by conducting direct research, as for the steps of collecting the data are as follow (1) Watch Lean On Me movie, the first step in collecting the data is the writer watched the movie entitled Lean On Me.
(2) Find the movie script of Lean On Me, the next step is the writer find the data of illocutionary acts spoken by the characters in Lean On Me movie. (3) Read the movie script, the third step is the writer read the online movie script to ensure the data are valid. (4) Take note the data, the next step in collecting the data is by taking note the data of illocutionary acts. (5) Categorize the types of data, and finally the writer categorized the types of each data found based on the theory proposed by Searle (1979).
After the data have been thoroughly collected, the next step is analyzing the data. The analysis is conducted using descriptive qualitative method to create description systematically as well as the relationship with the object being investigated. The findings are discussed by identifying and categorizing the types of illocutionary acts by Searle (1979) who states that there are five types of illocutionary acts.
Furthermore, the data found are presented in either formal or informal method. As for formal method is a method in analyzing the findings by using a table, however formal method is most likely to require assistance from informal method using descriptive sentence to discuss each data.

RESULTS
The result of the research is answering the problem of the study proposed earlier. In conducting the research, the writer encountered multiple illocutionary acts whose type belongs to assertive, directive, commissive, expressive, and declarative.  ISSN 2798-5296 Vol 03 No 02, 2022 24 https://traverse.asia/ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 Table above demonstrates the types, frequency and percentage of Illocutionary acts found in the movie entitled Lean On Me. It is found as many as 9 data of illocutionary acts that can be distinguished into five types namely assertive, directive, commissive, expressive and declarative. Among the five types of illocutionary act, the most frequently occurred is directive illocutionary act that appeared by 3 times or 33,3% throughout the movie. Meanwhile, assertive and commissive illocutionary acts only occurred as many as twice or 22,2% along the movie. Furthermore, expressive and declarative illocutionary acts is only found by once or 11,1%.

DISCUSSION
The writer presented the illocutionary acts in a form of sentence as uttered by the character of the movie selected. The writer depended on the theory by Searle (1979). entire teacher's council take one-sided meeting without Mr. Clark's knowing. In accordance to Searle's theory, Mr. Clark's statement belongs to illocutionary act whose type is blame. The purpose of Mr. Clark performing the illocutionary act is intended to the teacher's council. It also represents anger from him.
Khaneesa: "Somebody help" (Lean On Me, 00:04:53) The utterance said by Khaneesa above when she is with her companion being in the school corridor who is in need of help to get her friend out of locked deposit box. If the sentence above is analyzed based on the theory by Searle, then the utterance is an illocutionary act by the type of request. Khaneesa appears to be panic, it is heard from the loud intonation produced by her when asking for a help. She shouts by the expectation of someone can help her in releasing her friend from being locked in a deposit box.