Types and function of code switching found in the conversation of daniel mananta and raline shah on “daniel tetangga kamu” video youtube channel

This study has two purposes, those are (1) to find out the types of code-switching used in conversation between Daniel Mananta and Raline Shah in “Daniel Tetangga Kamu” video YouTube channel and 2) to identify the functions of code-switching used in conversation between Daniel Mananta and Raline Shah’s utterances. A qualitative method is used for this study for analyzing the data collected from five videos. The method is applied to give a clear description of the data according to the theory proposed by Poplack (1980) as cited in Romaine (1989: 122) about the three types of code switching. The result of this analysis showed that there was three types of code switching found in this conversation are; Tag switching, intra-sentential switching and inter-sentential switching. Type of code-switching which is intra-sentential switching is the most often used in conversation between Daniel Mananta and Raline Shah utterances because they was more comfortable when using words, clauses, and phrases in one sentence to convey motivational messages. And the theory proposed by Appel and Muysken (1987) about the six functions of code switching. In this analysis showed that there was six function of code switching are; referential, directive, expressive, phatic, metalinguistic and poetic. Metalinguistic is the dominant function of code-switching in conversation between Daniel Mananta and Raline Shah’s utterances. It occurs because Daniel Mananta and Raline shah wanted to impress the other participants with a show of linguistic skill.


INTRODUCTION
Language is very important means of communication. It is used to communicate and to give information to others. There are many languages in the world that people can choose to interact. Choosing one proper language in communication is very important to avoid misunderstanding. People must choose a particular language and or decide to switch from one to another. The use of English in conversations on social media creates many kinds of phenomenon. One of them is code switching. A research in code switching is a study to understand why people do who are competent in two languages alternate in a particular conversation or situation. Code switching in generally is a phenomenon when a bilingual and multilingual speaker shifts from one language to another during conversation. Code switching is term in linguistic referring to use more than one language. Code switching based on Grosjean (1982) suggest definition of code switching as the use of more than one language by communication in speech act. As a part of bilingualism code switching is commonly found in any conversation, teaching, learning, or other kind of communication.
As early as 1981, Hamers as cited in Romaine (1995) differentiated between bilingualism and bilinguality. Bilinguality was posited as the psychological state of an individual who as access two more than one linguistic code as a means of social communication. The degree of access will vary long several dimensions which are psychological, sociological, cognitive, psycholinguistic, social psychological, sociological, sociolinguistic, sociocultural, and linguistic. The concept of bilingualism, on the other hand, includes that of bilinguality (or individual bilingualism), but refers community in which two languages are in contact, with the result that two codes can be used in the same interaction and that number of individuals are bilingual (societal bilingualism). In this case bilingualism is also known as code switching in sociolinguistics. At the time, code switching mostly used by artist, presenter, writer etc. to show their language, variety, and the dialect. It can be found on the television, radio, social media, novel, and books. Code switching can be happened in bilingual or multilingual society which occurs in the conversation in daily live. Nowadays social media is the famous place where we could find code switching because in social media ideas can be expressed through language used.
Social media is a site that provides a networking place for people to connect and when we talk about YouTube as a social media site. YouTube is a site of video sharing Code switching is also found in the "Daniel Tetangga Kamu" YouTube channel. In Daniel Mananta videos code switching phenomenon can be found easily because the host are able to speak English fluently. The variety of languages can be found in a show or a conversation in video YouTube channel. He sometimes uses a variety of language in presenting his contents YouTube channel, even mixing, or changing languages from one to another. In his YouTube content, Daniel Mananta usually talks to his guest stars, one of which is Raline Shah, in one in content they usually talk using code switching.
The author is interested in choosing this conversation because it is very interesting and talks about the life of Raline Shah. This conversation talks about the life experience of Raline Shah who was taught hard by her father from a young age and motivates us to always be grateful for what we have. Based on the reading of these videos, the author finds that the use of code switching is widely used in these videos. Therefore, Daniel Mananta's YouTube channel video deserves to be the object of analysis in this study. The author also hopes that this research on code switching can provide good and useful information for the audience. The author hopes that the audience can inspire and of course give them positive values.
To develop a scientific study, some previous study has been reviewed. In the first research entitled "Code Switching Used by Kimmy Jayanti in "iLook" Program in Net TV" (Rahmaniah 2016). Found that this study analyzes the most dominant types of code switching and the reasons of Kimmy Jayanti do code switching in the "iLook" program. The most dominant type used by Kimmy Jayanti in "iLook"program on NET TV was intra-sentential switching. Rahmaniah's study found all of seven reasons which are proposed by Hoffman (1992). And The last related literature the journal entitled "An Analysis Code Switching Used in the Novel "Dunia Mereka" (Tasar 2009). The study of Tasar discussed about code switching that focused on bilingual in the novel. He found that in the novel was study which emphasizes the type and the function why bilingual people switch their language. The code based on the dialogue between the characters.

METHODS
The researcher used the library research method in analyzing and describing the code-switching data contained in the conversations of Daniel Mananta and Raline Shah in "Daniel Tetangga Kamu" YouTube channel video. The video conversation between Daniel Mananta and Raline Shah on the "Daniel Tetangga Kamu" YouTube channel was used as a data source in this study. There are five video conversations between Daniel Mananta and Raline Shah. In the process of collecting data, researchers used the observation method to obtain detailed information. There are four steps in collecting data: (1) Open the YouTube app and find and search for videos. (2) Download the video, followed by listening and watching videos to find out the use of code switching. representation in analyzing the data. The data are described factually, systematically, and scientifically following the code switching theory proposed by Poplack (1980) as cited in Romaine (1989: 122) and Appel and Muysken (1987). The results of data analysis are presented formal and informal. Formal, the data is presented in tabular form to show the incidence and percentage of types of code switching and their functions. Informal, sentences are used to describe the data descriptively.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION RESULTS
The results of data analysis are presented formal and informal method to presents the data of analysis. Formal, the data is presented in tabular form to show the incidence and percentage of types of code switching and their functions. Informal, sentences are used to describe the data descriptively. The finding is divided into two parts: the first one is to show the finding of types of code-switching and the second is showing the finding of code-switching functions. The researcher analyzes the data based on the theory from Poplack (1980) as cited in Romaine (1989: 122) and Appel and Muysken (1987).

DISCUSSION
The total data in this analysis is 137 code switching. Based on the table there are 70 (51.05%) data of intra-sentential switching. It becomes the most dominant types because intra-sentential switching involves arguably, the greatest syntactic risk, and maybe avoided by all but the most influence bilinguals, the Host and guest in "Daniel Your neighbor" YouTube Channel usually switches the code within a sentence in his utterances, there were also found 36 (26.19%) data of inter-sentential, henceforth tag switching are the least of three types of code switching in this research, there were only 30 (21.85%) data that found, which are indicated as tag switching.
Based on the data tabulation, metalinguistic function dominated where 39 (30,61%) of total data are categorized as metalinguistic function, serves to indicate occurs when it's directly or indirectly used to comment on the language involved. It's happened when speaker's speech between different codes in order to impress the other participants with a show a linguistic skill, the speaker often do a code switching which is indicating as metalinguistic function in his utterances.
The result of finding is followed by 27 (19,66%) of referential function, 27 (19,66%) of phatic function, 20 (14,55%) of expressive function and 11 (7,94%) of directive function. Meanwhile, poetic function is only represented by 9 (6,53%) it is because the speaker rarely inserts a joke, puns in his conversation, he only focuses on present the guest life and in one sentence there are more than one function. Here are the example and the explanation of the 3 types of code switching and it function found in ISSN 2798-5296 Vol 03 No 01, 2022 128 https://traverse.asia/ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 the conversation between Daniel Mananta and Raline Shah in video YouTube channel.

Tag Switching and Its Functions
Data 1 "So, tetangga gue yang sangat gue sayangi, kasihi dan cintai." (so, My neighbor who I love ) (VIDEO V, 1.36) The utterance above was categorized as tag switching which refers to switching that occur by using English expression as a tag in the first sentence "so" and it continues with Indonesia language by saying 'tetangga gue yang sangat gue sayangi, kasihi, cintai". Tag-switching involves inserting a tag or short phrase in one language into an utterance that is otherwise entirely in another language. The speaker tag English word to make the conversation is effective.
The switch of code from English language into Indonesian language occurred in the data above. The Indonesian clause by saying "tetangga gue yang sangat gue sayangi" is a kind of puns. In this case this analysis can be categorized as poetic function. The speaker intended to raise the viewers' attention about the puns that he said to make the situation more colorful.

Data 2
"Anyway, yuk kita lanjut obrolan kita Raline" (anyway, lets continue our conversation Raline.) (VIDEO V, 1.03) In the utterances above the speaker uttered "anyway" in the beginning of the sentence, it can be categorized as a tag switching because it is a code-switching action when the speaker attaches or adds any tag or filler in a sentence. Tag-switching involves inserting a tag or short phrase in one language into an utterance that is otherwise entirely in another language. The tag uttered by the speaker using English Language, meanwhile the rest of his utterance used Indonesian Language.
The data above presents a kind of the function of code switching. The speaker switched the code from English language into Indonesian. Here, the speaker used the word "anyway" to start or open his explanation. It also emphasizes the tone when the speaker said "anyway". Therefore, it can be categorized as phatic function.